Bromley Unitary
Development Plan Proof of Philip
Kolvin Crystal Palace
Park Crystal Palace
Campaign Section
11
This is the first government in our lifetime that has acknowledged the importance of parks and greenspace to the 'liveability' of our towns and cities.
Paul Bramhill, Chief Executive, Green Space
11 The Revival of the
Urban Park 11.1 It is generally recognised
that over the last half century, a lack of local authority
resources and the lack of statutory responsibility for parks
maintenance have conspired to perpetuate a decline in the
quality and standard of our urban parks. No doubt, the
question of resources influenced Bromley's thinking in
wishing to attract commercial development to the Park.
11.2 In this section, I shall
demonstrate that over the last decade, our national thinking
has moved on, in several ways. First, the importance of the
role the urban park plays in our community life has come to
be better understood and redefined. Second, there is far
greater planning and policy protection for the urban park
than formerly. Third, there are many organisations which
have come into being or have grown in the last decade which
provide mechanisms and structures for park protection and
enhancement. Fourth, there is a greater range and
availability of funding for parkland enhancement. Thus, if
there ever was currency in Bromley's notion that in order to
regenerate a glory of Victorian landscaping one needed to
build a multiplex cinema on it, the notion is gravely
outdated. Local Agenda 21
(1992) 11.3 The 1992 Rio Earth Summit
gave rise to the programme known as Agenda 21, which has in
turn generated widespread local initiatives assisting
communities to become more involved in planning and managing
their natural environment. This has undoubtedly contributed
to the rebirth of interest in our open spaces in general and
urban open spaces in particular. Sustainable
Development: The UK Strategy (1994) 11.4 The Strategy adopted the
definition of sustainable development as meaning that which
"meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs." 11.5 For towns and cities, it
was stated that elements of sustainable development
included: 11.6 It is an obvious
concomitant that the urban park has an important role to
play in the development of our urban landscapes. The
Strategy was soon after cited in "Greening the City"
(below). Park Life: Urban Parks
and Social Renewal (Comedia/Demos, 1995) 11.7 The Park Life report was
of seminal importance in informing the modern debate
regarding the role of urban parks in social renewal. It was
based on an 18-month research project involving twelve local
authorities and thousands of observations and interviews. A
helpful brochure summarised its main
points.[44] 11.8 It took as its starting
point that whereas the Victorian park had been at the
forefront of urban development, and were the most enduring
and defining types of public space in our urban areas, the
contribution they made to our quality of life had been
undervalued, and they had become neglected and relegated in
our political agenda. [45] 11.9 It was pointed out that
local communities still take great pride in their parks, and
they act as a meeting place and focal point of communities.
They provide a source of local continuity and sense of
"place" in a rapidly changing urban
scene.[46] 11.10 It argued that the
informal open setting of the urban park, (the place to walk
the dog, have a picnic, kick a ball about), and the sense of
freedom this generates, is not genuinely replaceable by more
formal provision (the theme park, gym etc.)[47] It
described the park as sanctuary, a place where people mark
the passage of their lives.[48] 11.11 The importance of the park
as sanctuary was highlighted by survey data which showed
that about 70% of people walk to parks, with 40% visiting
their parks every day.[49] 11.12 The flexibility of parks
was stressed, in that the park is able to play host to a
range of outdoor activities and events, as well as providing
an informal play space.[50] The kind of "play" of
course differs according to age, and to some extent
demography and ethnicity. The needs of a 4 year old are
different from those of a 15 year old or a
pensioner. 11.13 The report noted the
importance of the park as a backcloth for our individual
development: 11.14 While the authors plainly
did not advocate a "do nothing" approach in response to that
sentiment, the intense local feeling about parks requires to
be reflected in management and regeneration approaches. The
authors made it clear that more money was only part of the
solution. Instead, the role of the park needed to be
rethought in the light of the needs and changes of a modern
city.[52] This requires a strategic approach, and
better and more effective models of management, consultation
and partnership.[53] It pointed to a dire need for
more sophisticated, open minded and responsive methods of
involving people in decision making. [54] 11.15 It also recommended
national guidance for parks which was more reflective of the
concerns about sustainable development following the Earth
Summit.[55] It pointed out that much of the
interesting new art in Britain is sculptural, architectural
and concerned with natural landscaping, and stated that
there were clear opportunities for parks to become the sites
of new artistic landscaping features.[56] Better Parks, Better
Cities (Department of Environment, 1995) 11.16 This was a follow up to
the Park Life report. People, Parks and
Cities (Comedia, 1996) 11.17 In 1996, the Department of
the Environment commissioned this report into good practice
in park provision, management and maintenance, which was
based on a number of case studies. This originated in the
work carried out in 1995 in Park Life and in Better Parks,
Better Cities, but also looked forward to an era in which
lottery funding could be used to promote urban park
renewal. 11.18 The report made the point
that while public parks have suffered from chronic
under-funding, this was not the whole problem. It was said
that the pattern of use of urban parks had changed since
Victorian times. The possibilities for imaginative use of
urban parks were inexhaustible, but included educational
uses, uses tied into health policies, leisure, sport and
play for children, voluntary involvement in conservation and
other projects, community facilities, the strengthening of
local connections, networks and experiments in projects to
enhance local democratic control, and training and
employment/commercial opportunities.[57] 11.19 The report underlined that
the planning of parks was intimately bound up with
responding to local needs and concerns, and that there was a
need for a greater understanding of consultation methods and
good practice.[58] 11.20 The report advocated
individual park management plans, setting out declarations
of aims, appraisals of the park, access, circulation,
physical analysis, ecological analysis, an action plan
including priorities, a design concept for the whole park, a
financial plan, a statement of management structures, clear
statements of the roles of partners (e.g. friends groups,
wildlife groups, sports clubs etc.), an events programme, a
framework for encouraging wider participation and so on. In
essence, the report advocates an approach which takes an
overview of the whole park, based on an understanding of its
strengths and weaknesses, and involves the participation of
its core constituency - the park
users.[59] 11.21 The report acknowledges
that buildings in parks can provide focus, and some of the
facilities needed for modern parks, e.g. toilets and
refreshments. Facilities such as cafes, swimming pools,
child care facilities and club houses are given as
examples.[60] Greening the City
(Department of Environment, 1996) 11.22 The Greening the City
initiative was launched by the Government in 1995 to promote
ideas and discussions and ideas about the creation,
protection, management and maintenance of green areas in our
towns and cities, draw together examples of good practice
and encouraging new ideas in landscape design. 11.23 It pointed out some key
benefits of urban greening, namely: 11.24 It was drawn from 22 case
studies. It stressed that involving local communities was a
"key feature" of publicly funded regeneration practice. Such
involvement was a "fundamental aspect of good practice in
the design and implementation of greening initiatives", to
be "embarked upon as early as possible within the
planning/development process."[62] This should be
followed by partnership in implementing proposals. Again, a
strategic approach was advocated.[63] 11.25 Such a strategic approach
included starting with proper baseline surveys including a
review of the perceptions and priorities of local people,
setting goals and objectives and then shaping the policy
itself. It was stated that greening strategies must inform
the statutory planning framework, influencing the Unitary
Development Plan.[64] Detailed advice was given on
promoting partnership as part of this
exercise.[65] Report on public parks
(House of Commons Environment, Transport and Regional
Affairs Select Committee, 1999) 11.26 This report raised grave
concerns over the future of our public parks and called for
action to reverse the decline. It underlined how parks can
be at the centre of our attempts to regenerate our
communities: "We believe that parks are key features in the
renaissance of our urban areas. They have been instrumental
in the regeneration of New York, Barcelona and Paris. They
need to be recognised and resourced as such by central and
local government. In addition, the Social Exclusion Unit
should give a high priority to making parks attractive
places where all the community can enjoy themselves." It
advocated a series of measures to deal with the problem,
expressing itself "shocked at the weight of the evidence,
far beyond our expectations, about the extent of the
problems parks have faced in the last 30 years." The Urban Design
Compendium (English Partnerships, 2000) 11.27 This publication, which
was chiefly concerned with good practice in developing the
urban environment, nevertheless advocated the creation of
park life. It set out a hierarchy of parks, Crystal Palace
Park falling within the typology of "Metropolitan Park". It
pointed out that a variety of parkland distributed within
the urban area ensured a range of recreational needs within
close proximity to homes and workplaces. It will be noted
that it described Crystal Palace Park as a "valued community
resource."[66] Our towns and cities:
the future. (DETR, 2000) 11.28 The White Paper
consciously espoused the vision of the Urban Task Force, and
set out the following way forward.[67] 11.29 It stated: 11.30 The report stressed the
importance of the local environment. It stated that "access
to green spaces reduces stress and promotes well-being.
Parks and open spaces are among the most valued features of
the places people live."[69] It also stressed an
approach to restoring the historic character of our urban
environment and encouraging safe, well designed and managed
public open spaces like parks, play areas and recreational
areas.[70] 11.31 A section of the report
dealt specifically with parks, play areas and public spaces.
It stated: 11.32 The report noted that in
the last few decades a lot of urban open space had been lost
to encroaching development, with too much of what was left
neglected and poorly maintained. It shared the concerns of
the House of Commons Environment, Transport and Regional
Affairs Select Committee of 1999. 11.33 It stated that it was not
only a question of funding a reverse of the decline, but
finding more imaginative solutions, which make a difference
to the quality of life. It promised action in three areas:
leading and developing a shared vision (through ministerial
involvement and the identification of opportunities for
building and supporting partnerships in the management of
open spaces); improving the information base as to good
practice; and improving the way we plan and design
parks.[72] Power of Place: The
future of the historic environment (English Heritage,
2001). 11.34 English Heritage
established a large cross-sectional steering group to
consider and report on the policy issues involved with the
historic environment as a focus for future policy
development. It stated that public parks were a vital part
of the historic environment and had suffered badly from
under-funding and lack of leadership. It welcomed the
Government's decision, announced in the Urban White Paper,
to give the Regeneration Minister responsibility for
achieving improvements to England's parks. It recommended
the establishment of funding targets for the clearance of
the backlog of repairs to parks and gardens, and the
reversal of cuts in expenditure. Public Parks
Assessment: A survey of local authority owned parks
focussing on parks of historic interest (Urban Parks Forum,
2001) 11.35 The emergence of the Urban
Parks Forum (now re-named Green Space) in 1999 as a champion
of the regeneration of urban parks has been a strong recent
development. This report followed an extensive survey of
local authorities by the Forum, in conjunction with the
DTLR, Heritage Lottery Fund, English Heritage and the
Countryside Agency. The report revealed serious decline in
our historic parks, fuelled by a decline in expenditure on
maintenance. It found that historic parks had suffered
disproportionately from reduction in revenue expenditure, as
resources tended to go to formal recreation. It found a loss
of up to 75% of historic features and of 25% in basic
facilities such as toilets. Registration conferred no real
protection, save for Grade I Parks. It stated that the
challenge for the future was to arrest the decline and start
a renaissance in open spaces creating attractive, relevant
and popular facilities for the enjoyment of all. The Value of Parks and
Open Spaces (Local Government Association,
2001). 11.36 This report highlighted
that parks had no national agency, no single source of
strategic guidance and no individual to raise the profile of
the plight of open spaces. It found this a poor state of
affairs given the role of green space in contributing to an
individual's and community's well-being and regeneration. It
urged councils to integrate dedicated plans for parks and
open spaces into their cultural and community strategies.
The report has been part of the movement towards a better
understanding and promotion of the role of urban parks in
our community life. Green Spaces
Investigative Committee (London Assembly,
2001) 11.37 The importance of open
spaces to Londoners was reflected by the report of the above
committee, which took evidence with a view to examining
threats and opportunities in relation to green belt and open
spaces in London. It pointed out that 1,000 hectares of
green space in London were lost to development in 1989-99,
which was compounded by neglect, low political priority and
decreasing resources. It advocated a strategic vision for
green space in the London Plan, and the establishment of a
London forum for green space. It pointed out the pressure
for development of green space and advocated protection. It
regretted the piecemeal loss of green space to development,
and the lack of a strategic overview. It deplored the
purposeful neglect of green space in order to increase the
chance of its development, including, sometimes unwittingly,
by local authorities. It considered local participation
essential. Improving Urban Parks,
Play Areas and Green Spaces (Urban Research Report. DTLR,
2002) 11.38 This report set out the
findings of research carried out to inform the work of the
Urban Green Spaces Taskforce, which was set up to advise the
Government on proposals for improving the quality of urban
parks, play areas and green spaces. 11.39 It reiterated the main
benefits of urban green space, which: 11.40 Like all preceding
studies, it emphasised the strategic, partnership-led
approach, and stated that whether this happened was often
down to the culture of consultation within the authority
concerned. 11.41 The study considered the
reasons why 32% of people are non-users or infrequent users
of parks. The five barriers identified were lack of, or poor
condition of, facilities, the character of other users,
concerns about dogs/dog mess, safety issues, and
environmental quality issues.[74] When asked what
would bring them back, the answers tended to be cafes,
toilets, dog litter bins, seating, litter bins, information
boards, children's play areas and sports areas, together
with better security measures.[75] The aspirations,
therefore, are predominantly concerned with the provision of
high quality, safe open space. Green Spaces, Better
Places, Final report of The Urban Green Spaces Taskforce
(DTLR 2002) 11.42 This report clearly
articulated modern thinking regarding the need to reverse
the decline in the urban park: "Across the country
there is increasing public awareness and appreciation of
the value of good quality parks, play areas and green
spaces in regenerating towns and cities, improving the
health and well-being of local people and providing
educational opportunities for children and
communities. "Despite their
popularity there has been a worrying decline in the
quality of too many urban parks and green spaces for
which action is needed to deliver these
benefits. "The final report of
the Urban Green Spaces Taskforce has a simple message:
now is the time for an urban renaissance with parks and
diverse green spaces. The report sets out a programme for
national and local government to work in partnership with
local communities, business, voluntary organisations and
others to revitalise parks and green
spaces."[76] 11.43 As well as reiterating the
benefits of parks, the report noted the important part which
heritage and culture plays in parks. It states that parks
are part of local heritage, providing reservoirs of
collective memory, and also acting as a showcase for
contemporary sculptures.[77] 11.44 It recommended that local
government, working through local strategic partnerships
should make it a priority to provide high quality parks and
green spaces to serve the needs of people in disadvantaged
areas: this should be at the heart of neighbourhood
renewal.[78] 11.45 The report contained a key
recommendation to protecting existing green
spaces: 11.46 That recommendation was
carried through into a further suggestion that provision,
protection and enhancement of urban parks and green spaces
should be key objectives which should underpin national
planning guidance.[80] 11.47 The report set out
principles for good quality spaces. It cited research in
Sheffield, which found the following to constitute the ideal
park: More than Swings and
Roundabouts, Planning for Outdoor Play (Children's Play
Council, 2002) 11.48 This publication set out
best practice in planning for children's outdoor play. It
reminded us that: 11.49 It might here be pointed
out that for residents of the upper parts of the area, e.g.
Sydenham and Norwood, the top site functions as its village
green, and it is a long way to take children down to the
play facilities at the bottom of the park. Those play
facilities themselves are at best modest, which remains an
indictment while grandiose schemes are mooted for the park.
I am unaware of any attempt ever made by Bromley to analyse
the play needs of the children of the area, and publications
such as More than Swings and Roundabouts ought to be
required reading. As the publication points out, there are
many funding opportunities for enhancement of play
facilities, e.g. through Neighbourhood Renewal Strategies,
the New Opportunities Fund and section 106
agreements.[83] Your Parks, The
Benefits of Parks and Greenspace (Urban Parks Forum,
2002) 11.50 In this short publication,
which is reproduced in its entirety at Appendix 6, the Urban
Parks Forum reiterates the key benefits of parkland. It
shows that the quality of a park is an important component
of urban regeneration and community cohesion. It often
reflects the history of the surrounding community, as of
course Crystal Palace does. The park may be a repository of
our cultural heritage. It acts as an ecological, educational
and recreational resource, and so on. It reminds us that
over 30 million people in England use parks, making over 2
billion visits a year. 70% of people use their parks
frequently. These numbers and concepts explain the depth and
extent of the reaction to the proposal to take the head of
this Park out of park use and to assign it to a town centre
commercial leisure use. Public Parks Assessment
(Urban Parks Forum, 2002) 11.51 This was the first ever
major report on the state of the nation's public parks,
producing major findings on land types and use, finance,
condition, visitor numbers and so on. It has catalysed the
government's political and funding response to the problem,
moving the maintenance and enhancement of parkland up the
political agenda. Parks and Green Space,
Engaging the Community (Urban Parks Forum,
2002) 11.52 This publication is
designed to exhort park managers to involve the community in
the management of parks and open space. This is strongly to
be advocated, given that parks are planned for local
communities, and their wishes should, in the ordinary course
of things, prevail or at least carry very great
weight. Towards London's Green
Renaissance (Groundwork, 2003) 11.53 This publication was
written in conjunction with the Mayor, the London
Development Agency and the London Parks and Greenspaces
Forum, and was the product of best practice and modern
thinking in relation to London's green spaces. The Minister
for Housing, Planning and Regeneration, Tony McNulty, wrote
the following, which underlines the role of green space in
the regeneration of London as a world city, and the central
role of local people in making the key choices: "There is a direct
correlation between access to good quality open spaces
and thriving, prosperous neighbourhoods. Clean, safe and
attractive streets, parks and public spaces can improve
health and well-being, provide opportunities for play and
relaxation, reduce crime and the fear of crime and
inspire respect and civic pride. What's more, enabling
local people to determine the future of their own
environment can be the catalyst that kickstarts major
improvements in quality of life. "London has huge
potential to become a shining example of the way in which
a community-led and co-ordinated approach to open space
planning can bring a wide range of benefits for people,
places and prosperity. As Minister for London I am
committed to making this vision a reality." 11.54 The report underlined the
crucial role of green space in creating community spirit and
promoting social inclusion, as places for relaxation,
socialising and play, wildlife habitats and green lungs. But
it pointed out that the capital's parks are in a state of
decline. 11.55 The report made the
following highly pertinent point: 11.56 The report brought
together many examples of best practice in parkland
regeneration from across London. It underlined the dangers
to parks of fragmentation, and urban expansion. Needless to
say, it does not advocate the use of commercial leisure
facilities (or any other substantial commercial development)
as a means of regenerating parkland. New Green
Organisations 11.57 The Urban Parks Forum,
which has recently changed its name to Green Space, is not
the only organisation to have emerged in response to the
perceived need for concerted action to arrest and reverse
the decline in our green open spaces. Organisations
include: 11.58 On a governmental level,
the Government has now appointed the Commission for
Architecture and the Built Environment (formerly the Royal
Fine Art Commission) to be the national body responsible for
parks and open land. The new organisation, CABE Space, has
appointed a director of GreenSpace to assume responsibility
for urban parks. This is clear recognition of the importance
now accorded to the preservation of urban parks as a
national planning and political priority. 11.59 The year one work plan for
CABE Space includes: 11.60 These objectives underline
how important strategic approaches are in individual parks,
rather than a retrograde, fragmentary approach which seeks
to raise capital finance at the expense of the space
itself. 11.61 The emergence of the Urban
Parks Forum on the national stage has been mirrored by the
emergence on the London stage of the London Parks and Green
Spaces Forum to bring together local authorities and other
managers to share information, experience and good practice.
The Steering Group involves local authorities, the
Corporation of London, the Royal Parks Agency, the GLA,
English Nature, English Heritage, Groundwork and many
others. That body has worked together with Groundwork to
produce a report called "Towards London's Green
Renaissance", and calls for more help for local communities
to get practically involved in the improvement of their
parks, more commitment for building strategies for green
spaces in regional planning initiatives, and a more
imaginative approach to green networks which promote
sustainable transport and local identity. The report was
financed in part by the London Development Agency and the
Greater London Authority, which serves to underline the
importance placed by the London strategic authorities on the
protection of parkland. 11.62 With the development of
new organisations, there is a series of emergent funding
streams for the regeneration of parkland. Recent funding
streams have included: 11.63 In addition, of course,
funding streams are available through a series of bodies
concerned with heritage (e.g. Heritage Lottery Fund), the
arts, including public art (e.g. the Arts Council),
regeneration (Land Restoration Trust) and sport (e.g. Sports
Lottery Fund). 11.64 As indication of the
extent of funding which is now realisable through the public
sector, Mile End Park in East London was regenerated with
£25m, predominantly of grant money and Battersea Park
raised over £11m. Thus, the right ideas, advanced in
co-operation with the local community and other
stakeholders, have genuine potential for raising the
requisite capital finance. 11.65 At the same time, dozens
of schemes across the country have realised the potential
for private giving and corporate fund-raising to underpin
local regeneration efforts. These have not been explored at
all at Crystal Palace, which has clear potential for such an
approach because of its unique history and value to local
people. 11.66 The commitment of the ODPM
to placing parks at the heart of our urban life is
underlined by the extract from its web-site[87],
which re-articulates some of the thinking which has
underpinned this section. 11.67 In summary there has been
a real recognition over the last decade that our parks are
at the heart of our urban life, and require a strategic
approach to their regeneration and renewal, in partnership
with local communities. At the same time, the Government has
established funding streams and mechanisms to allow that to
happen, and to increase our knowledge base as to the role
and functions of urban parks. 11.68 It would be fair to say
that the notion of designating a substantial and prominent
open site at the head of a major historic park for built
commercial leisure without any proper appraisal of the
wishes and priorities of local people runs counter to every
tenet and element of park thinking over the last
decade.
"The strength of
feeling which many people exhibited in talking about
"their" park confirmed the uniqueness of such places
within the wider pattern of urban life. For while
everything else in the city changes, or so it seems, the
park stays the same, and becomes a repository for popular
memory, and therefore a key symbolic feature in the local
sense of place."[51]
"This does not
mean cramming people closer and closer together. It means
development at reasonable densities which protect open
spaces…"[68]
"Well managed
public open spaces such as greens, squares, parks,
children's play areas… and recreational and sporting
areas improve the attractiveness of urban areas and help
promote a healthier lifestyle. They … bring benefits
for wildlife and the environment, act as an important
educational tool and can relieve pressure on the
countryside. They are therefore vital to enhancing the
quality of urban environments and the quality of our
lives."[71]
"The best of our
urban parks and green spaces remain popular. Millions of
people appreciate the benefits they bring to their lives,
their neighbourhoods, their towns and cities and the
whole nation.
"The Government's
emphasis on making best use of previously developed land
in urban areas and consequent higher densities will lead
to increased pressures on existing green spaces. They
become both more necessary and more vulnerable to
development. It is all the more important then for local
planning authorities to put in place policies that will
ensure that urban green spaces are protected from
development. There is an urgent need for a clear-cut
statement in revised national guidance about the degree
of protection to be given to existing green spaces.
Developing local green space hierarchies is one way of
setting out how different spaces will be protected and
enhanced. Another is to maintain their quality - people
are more likely to get involved to protect a good quality
space, than a poor run down one."[79]
"Understanding
the outdoor play needs of children and young people can
lead to better provision for everyone and more harmonious
community relations. Where children and young people have
a range of attractive outdoor play spaces and activities
available to them in accessible, safe locations, and are
fully engaged in activities they enjoy, they are less
likely to encroach on the space and sensibilities of
adults. Parents will be reassured that their children can
enjoy positive activities out of doors, and there is
likely to be less conflict with other local residents.
The spaces themselves and the process of creating and
improving them may also contribute to building social
cohesion and supporting informal networks of family
support, bringing communities together and adding to the
"social capital" of a neighbourhood."[82]
"The vitality of
the public realm sits firmly at the heart of this
Government's approach to building sustainable
communities. We are also committed to ensuring that
London continues to develop as a world city in which
people are proud to live and work.
"The creation of
a single strategic body to represent London, the Greater
London Authority, the need for holistic thinking to
tackle a range of common issues and the simple fact that
borough boundaries are insignificant to the communities
themselves, creates an increased need for planning to be
considered on a regional and not purely borough-level
basis. Nowhere is this more true than for open spaces, as
many are physically located across more than one borough,
or draw users from a wide geographical area."
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Section (10);
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Contents
Notes:
[44] - Appendix 27.
[45] - Page 3
[46] - Page 3
[47] - Page 4
[48] - Page 4
[49] - Page 7
[50] - Pages 12-13
[51] - Page 51
[52] - Pages 64-65
[53] - Pages 64-65
[54] - Pages 74-75
[55] - Pages 72-73
[56] - Page 73
[57] - Page 3
[58] - Page 3, 5, 25-26, 35-39
[59] - Pages 13-14
[60] - Pages 29-30.
[61] - Page iii, 4
[62] - Page iii
[63] - Page iv
[64] - Page 17
[65] - Pages 32- 35
[66] - Page 56
[67] - Page 43
[68] - Page 43
[69] - Page 66
[70] - Page 67, 72
[71] - Page 74
[72] - Pages 74-76
[73] - Pages 12-13
[74] - Page 46
[75] - Page 47
[76] - Page 7
[77] - Page 13
[78] - Page 20
[79] - Page 53
[80] - Page 53
[81] - Page 66
[82] - Page 9
[83] - Page 55
[84] - Appendix 28.
[85] - Appendix 29.
[86] - Appendix 30
[87] - Appendix 31.
©Philip Kolvin